transformer or trafo is an electromagnetic component that can convert an AC voltage level to another level.
principle work of transformer
Transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Alternating input voltage primary cause behind the fortify that ideally all the magnetic flux concatenated with the secondary windings. This alternating flux induces an emf in the secondary windings. If efficiency is perfect, all the power in the primary windings will be conveyed to the secondary windings.
Losses in transformers
The above calculation applies only if the primary-secondary clutch perfect and no losses, but in practice there are few losses:
- copper losses. Copper losses in the windings caused by the resistance of copper and electrical currents coursing.
- Coupling losses. Losses that occur because of primary-secondary coupling is not perfect, so that not all primary induced magnetic flux cutting the coil secondary. These losses can be reduced by winding coils are layered between primary and secondary.
- Loss of wild capacities. Losses caused by wild capacity contained in the coil-winding transformer. These losses affect the efficiency of transformers for high frequency. These losses can be reduced by winding the primary and secondary windings in semi-random (winding banks)
- Hysteresis losses. Loss that occurs when the AC primary current U-turn. Due to core transformer can not change the direction of the magnetic flux in an instant. These losses can be reduced by using low reluctance core material.
- Skin effect losses. As another energized conductor back and forth, the flow tends to flow on the surface of the conductor. These losses increase the capacity and also increase the relative resistance of windings. These losses can be deducted by using Litz wire, the wire is composed of several small wire insulated with each other. For the radio frequencies used geronggong wire or thin sheets of copper wire instead of the ordinary.
- Eddy current losses (vortex flow). Losses caused by emf input that causes the current in the magnet core of who oppose the change of magnetic flux which generates an emf. Due to the changing magnetic flux change, occurs eddy flux in the core material. This loss is reduced if used in the core layer upon layer.